Un historiador alemán Rainer Karlsch afirma, en un libro recién publicado, que Hitler probó una bomba atómica hacia el fin de la Segunda Guerra Mundial.
El Seoul Times reporta que la última prueba se hizo en Thuringia el 3 de marzo del 1945. La explosión destruyó una area de 1000 kilómetros cuadrados y mató a centenares de prisoneros de guerra y presos de los campos de concentración.
Vean, además, este extraordinatrio video de Adolf Hitler en un restaurant, indignado por la cuenta (Via MIRA! de Julian Gallo).
El autor --genio inmortal (ya puede morir en paz)-- tomó una escena de la película "La Caida" y le puso subtítulos, que sincronizan con perfectamente con los movimientos de los actores, pero que crean un dialogo cósmicamente absurdo.
[nota: no sé por qué no funciona el video. Linkean al sitio de Gallo para verlo. Vale la pena.]
Vía: Fortean Times
Imagen: Charlie Chaplin en el Gran Dictador (fuente)
7.6.06
Hitler Atómico
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Europe
Hitler 'Tested Small Atom Bomb'
Full Story of How Adolf Hitler Rose to Power
By Ray Furlong
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) as an orator
http://theseoultimes.com/ST/?url=/ST/news/international/europe/europe.php
A German historian has claimed in a new book presented on Monday that Nazi scientists successfully tested a tactical nuclear weapon in the last months of World War II.
Rainer Karlsch said that new research in Soviet and also Western archives, along with measurements carried out at one of the test sites, provided evidence for the existence of the weapon.
"The important thing in my book is the finding that the Germans had an atomic reactor near Berlin which was running for a short while, perhaps some days or weeks," he told the BBC.
"The second important finding was the atomic tests carried out in Thuringia and on the Baltic Sea."
Mr Karlsch describes what the Germans had as a "hybrid tactical nuclear weapon" much smaller than those dropped on Hiroshima or Nagasaki.
'Bright light'
He said the last test, carried out in Thuringia on 3 March 1945, destroyed an area of about 500 sq m - killing several hundred prisoners of war and concentration camp inmates.
Adolf Hitler
The weapons were never used because they were not yet ready for mass production. There were also problems with delivery and detonation systems. "We haven't heard about this before because only small groups of scientists were involved, and a lot of the documents were classified after they were captured by the Allies," said Karlsch. "I found documents in Russian and Western archives, as well as in private German ones."
One of these is a memo from a Russian spy, brought to the attention of Stalin just days after the last test. It cites "reliable sources" as reporting "two huge explosions" on the night of 3 March.
Karlsch also cites German eyewitnesses as reporting light so bright that for a second it was possible to read a newspaper, accompanied by a sudden blast of wind.
The eyewitnesses, who were interviewed on the subject by the East German authorities in the early 1960s, also said they suffered nose-bleeds, headaches, and nausea for days afterwards.
Karlsch also pointed to measurements carried out recently at the test site that found radioactive isotopes.
Scepticism
His book has provoked huge interest in Germany, but also scepticism.
It has been common knowledge for decades that the Nazis carried out atomic experiments, but it has been widely believed they were far from developing an atomic bomb.
"The eyewitnesses he puts forward are either unreliable or they are not reporting first-hand information; allegedly key documents can be interpreted in various ways," said the influential news weekly Der Spiegel.
Adolf Hitler with his staff
"Karlsch displays a catastrophic lack of understanding of physics," wrote physicist Michael Schaaf, author of a previous book about Nazi atomic experiments, in the Berliner Zeitung newspaper.
"Karlsch has done us a service in showing that German research into uranium went further than we'd thought up till now. But there was not a German atom bomb," he added.
It has also been pointed out that the United States employed thousands of scientists and invested billions of dollars in the Manhattan Project, while Germany's "dirty bomb" was allegedly the work of a few dozen top scientists who wanted to change the course of the war.
Karlsch himself acknowledged that he lacked absolute proof for his claims, and said he hoped his book would provoke further research.
But in a press statement for the book launch, he is defiant.
"It's clear there was no master plan for developing atom bombs. But it's also clear the Germans were the first to make atomic energy useable, and that at the end of this development was a successful test of a tactical nuclear weapon."
The Rise of Adolf Hitler
By Professor Jeremy Noakes
How did Adolf Hitler rise from an aimless drifter and failed artist to become the most destructive politician of the 20th century? Prof. Jeremy Noakes examines a remarkable transformation.
The drifter
Young Adolf Hitler
Before embarking on a political career in September 1919 at the age of thirty, Adolf Hitler had been a nonentity. With no formal qualifications, he had become an aimless drifter and failed artist before joining the army on the outbreak of war in August 1914. There he was not considered worthy of promotion because of 'a lack of leadership qualities', although his award of the Iron Cross First Class showed that he did not lack courage.
Yet during the next 26 years he succeeded in gaining and exercising supreme power in Germany and, in the process, arguably had more impact on the history of the world in the 20th century than any other political figure. The explanation for this remarkable transformation lies partly in Hitler himself, in his particular personal qualities and gifts, and partly in the situation in which he found himself, with a nation in deep crisis.
Hitler's political career began in Munich when he joined the German Workers' Party (DAP), a tiny group of extreme nationalists and anti-Semites who saw their role as trying to win over German workers from the internationalist Social Democratic Party and, in the aftermath of defeat and revolution, to persuade people that Jews were primarily responsible for Germany's plight.
In July 1921, he took over the leadership of the party, by then renamed the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP), and, less than 12 years later, it had become the largest party in Germany and Hitler was Reich Chancellor. Why then did Hitler choose to join the NSDAP and effectively adopt politics as a career, and what personal qualities, abilities and political opinions did he bring with him from his previous life, which may help to explain his choice and his subsequent career?
The early years
Childhood picture of Adolf Hitler
Hitler was born in Braunau am Inn on the Austro-German border on 20th April 1889. His family background has given rise to much psychological speculation. His father, a customs official who died when Hitler was 13, was cold and strict, while his mother was gentle and loving and pampered her son, who adored her. Hitler was clearly intelligent but bored by much of his formal education, except for history, which was taught with a strong German nationalist bias.
He was growing up at a time when the German-speaking parts of the Austro-Hungarian (Habsburg) empire were saturated with Pan German ethnic nationalism. Although extreme ethnic nationalism was a general feature of early 20th century Europe, it was particularly virulent in Austria because of the growing threat to German dominance posed by the rise of other nationalities within the empire, in particular the Czechs.
Hitler's school career ended in failure, but the death of his father had removed the pressure on him to get a job. By now he had developed the self-image of an artist, a superior being above mundane employment, who would one day create great works of art or architecture. He spent his time in his home town, Linz, reading, drawing, attending the theatre or opera; he had developed a particular passion for Wagner.
Hitler with Eva Braun
Eva Braun met Hitler when she was working as an assistant for Hitler's personal photographer. From that moment she became obsessively devoted to the dictator. On Saturday, April 28, 1945, Eva and Hitler married in the bunker map room. Somewhat appropriately, the bride wore black. Here, during happier times, Eva and Hitler deceptively appear to be an average middle-class couple having dinner together. This photo was taken at the Berghof, Hitler's mountain retreat in the Bavarian Alps.
Invariably polite and well turned out, his behaviour was marked by a combination of arrogance and insecurity not unusual in adolescence, but in his case extreme. He was particularly gauche in his relations with girls; indeed, his only relationship during this period was a fantasy one. But there is no suggestion from anyone who knew him then that he was homosexual.
Drifting in Vienna
Having moved to Vienna in 1907, his failure to get into Art school came as a major blow. His money from an orphan's pension and borrowed from relatives eventually ran out, and he was forced to take refuge in men's hostels where he lived from 1909 to 1913.
Not sufficiently strong for manual labour — contrary to his claim in his book, Mein Kampf ('My Struggle'), to having been a building worker — he eked out a precarious existence selling his reproductions of famous sights which were hawked by hostel acquaintances.
Pre-1914 Vienna — the capital of a multi-ethnic empire with a highly sophisticated, mainly Jewish, upper middle class, a deeply conservative and Catholic petty bourgeoisie, and a growing and increasingly radicalised working class — was like a magnifying glass focusing and concentrating the ideas, artistic trends and political forces that were to shape the century into a purer and more extreme form than anywhere else in Europe: ethnic nationalism, racism, anti-Semitism, Socialism, psychoanalysis, and modern forms of painting, music, crafts and architecture.
Despite his poverty, Hitler engaged actively with his political and intellectual environment, devouring newspapers and pamphlets, attending the Imperial parliament and witnessing the violent confrontations between the rival ethnic and political groups which paralysed it, rendering it an object of contempt to much of the population, including Hitler himself.
His experiences in Vienna sharpened the Pan German nationalism that he had absorbed in his school days, increasing his contempt for the Habsburg Empire.
He also developed a strong hostility towards the Socialist movement, fuelled partly by its internationalism, but also by his unwillingness to identify with the working class and his determination to retain his self-image as a superior being despite his actual inferior social position.
Although Hitler absorbed the racist and anti-Semitic discourses that so shaped the Viennese political and intellectual climate and was to reproduce their arguments and clichés years later, at the time he does not appear to have been hostile to Jews, at any rate on a personal level, since many of his closest associates in the men's hostel, who helped him sell his pictures, were in fact Jews.
A purpose in life
Hitler as corporal in 1916. Hitler served as a corporal during World War I.
In 1913, Hitler's desire to avoid military service for the hated Habsburg Empire prompted him to move to Munich, the German city of his dreams, a move facilitated by coming into a small legacy from his father's estate. Here he continued a life similar to that in Vienna until, with the outbreak of war in 1914, he enthusiastically volunteered to serve in a Bavarian regiment. Service in the Army at last provided Hitler with a purpose in life, a major project with which he could wholly identify. All the greater, therefore, was the shock of defeat and the victory of the hated Socialists in the revolution of November 1918.
Yet Hitler was desperate to remain in the Army rather than to have to face a return to his pre-war existence, and the evidence suggests that he was willing to come to terms with the new order to achieve this end. Fortunately for him, the Right soon took over and he was recruited by the Bavarian Army's Intelligence/Propaganda section to undergo political indoctrination.
Employed to preach German nationalism and anti-Socialism to the troops, he proved a great success. He was also sent to report on the DAP, where he drew attention to himself at a meeting by his effective performance in the discussion and was invited to join.
Hitler reviews his German army
He was probably prompted to accept partly by sympathy for the party's ideas and partly by pressure from his superiors, but also because he had concluded that participation in the DAP offered him, as a nonentity, the only available opportunity to win support for the beliefs that he was now burning to express.
For it was at this point that anti-Semitism emerged as the core of Hitler's 'world view.' Defeat, revolution, and the humiliating Treaty of Versailles (1919) had challenged Hitler's whole sense of worth and personal identity.
Like many Germans, but even more so since he had effectively chosen German identity, Hitler needed to find an explanation for this catastrophe. And the explanation being vigorously canvassed by the extreme Right in Munich, and one that was generating a strongly positive popular response, was that the Jews were to blame.
This explanation chimed with the anti-Semitic theories which Hitler had absorbed in Vienna but which, in the light of his day-to-day positive experiences with actual Jews had not made much impact.
Now, in very different circumstances and reinforced by the arguments of right-wing intellectuals in Munich which Hitler now encountered, these theories began to make sense, indeed to provide the total explanation which he was seeking.
Demagogic gifts
Hitler as an orator
Initially, Hitler saw himself as a political evangelist seeking to convert the German people to his 'world view' rather than as a political leader. He was conscious of his demagogic gifts but also of the limits imposed by his lack of formal qualifications and social status. He assumed that some established figure of the extreme Right, such as the war hero, General Ludendorff, would take over power.
Between 1919 and 1921, he rejected the offer of the leadership of the NSDAP and only took over when he was forced to do so by the fact that the leaders were pursuing a course which threatened his position.
His emergence as unchallenged 'Führer' of the NSDAP and his determination to become dictator of Germany only occurred during the period 1921-23 as a result of his growing self confidence, which was in turn partly the result of the increasing hero worship of his supporters.
It was also the result of his growing contempt for the Bavarian right wing establishment. This culminated in his experience of their pusillanimous behaviour during his Munich beer hall 'putsch' of 8-9 November 1923, when, as he saw it, they stabbed him in the back. It was only at this point that Hitler became convinced of his destiny to lead Germany, a conviction from which he then never wavered.
Find out more
Books
Hitler's Vienna. Apprentice Years of a Dictator by Brigitte Hamann (Oxford, 1999)
Hitler: Hubris 1889-1936 by Ian Kershaw (London, 1998)
Young Hitler by August Kubizek (Maidstone, 1954)
Where Ghosts Walked. Munich's Road to the Third Reich Where Ghosts Walked. Munich's Road to the Third Reich
About the author
Jeremy Noakes is professor of history at the University of Exeter. He is the author of The Nazi Party in Lower Saxony 1919-1933 (OUP, 1971) and editor (with Geoffrey Pridham) of Nazism 1919-1945, 4 vols (University of Exeter Press, 1983-1998).
The above article is from BBC.
Photos of Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler 1922
Young Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler with his young Nazi members
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) as an orator
Adolf Hitler in Nazi uniform
Adolf Hitler walking with a German girl
Adolf Hitler 1933
Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler(center) in Paris
Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler in Nazi uniform
Adolf Hitler greets people
Throngs for Adolf Hitler in 1934
Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler with his staff
Adolf Hitler with Benito Mussolini
Adolf Hitler reviewing military
Adolf Hitler in 1935
Adolf Hitler at a festival in 1936
Adolf Hitler in Nazi uniform
Adolf Hitler reviewing his troops
Adolf Hitler reviewing his troops
Adolf Hitler with Benito Mussolini
Adolf Hitler with Eva Braun — Eva Braun met Hitler when she was working as an assistant for Hitler's personal photographer. From that moment she became obsessively devoted to the dictator. On Saturday, April 28, 1945, Eva and Hitler married in the bunker map room. Somewhat appropriately, the bride wore black. Here, during happier times, Eva and Hitler deceptively appear to be an average middle-class couple having dinner together. This photo was taken at the Berghof, Hitler's mountain retreat in the Bavarian Alps.
Adolf Hitler is seen second from left in the second row. He was corporal during World War One.
Adolf Hitler reading newspaper
Adolf Hitler in 1934
Adolf Hitleri n 1934
Adolf Hitler in 1934
Adolf Hitler in 1934
Adolf Hitler in 1934
Adolf Hitler in 1934
Adolf Hitler in 1934
Adolf Hitler in 1934
Adolf Hitler in 1934
Adolf Hitler with his pet dog
Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler
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